Ans) These were also called as ‘Sardar’ or ‘Mistri’ in different regions. Industrialist usually kept a jobber to recruit new workers. A jobber oftenly was an old and trusted worker.

Ans) By the late 19th century merchants in different regions began meeting and forming Chambers of Commerce to regulate business and decide on issues of collective concern.

Ans) By the end of the 19th century, factories in India began production, flooding the market with machine goods. It was tough for weaving industry to survive in such circumstances.

Ans) When we talk about industrial production, we mean production of goods in factories.

Ans) When we talk about the industrial workers, we mean the labourers working in factories.

Ans) Surat on the Gujarat coast has connected India to the Gulf and Red Sea Ports, Machilipatnam on the Coromandel coast and Hoogly in Bengal had flourished trade link with Southeast Asian ports.

Ans) Jeejeebhoy was the son of a Parsi weaver. Like many other traders of his time, he was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships. But competition from English and American shippers forced him to sell his ships by the 1850s.

Ans) Seth Hukum Chand was a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917.

Ans) two functions of Gumasta (Gomastha) are:-

1. The company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and established more direct control over the weaver. The company appointed a paid servant called the gomastha to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth.
2. The company prevented its weavers from dealing with other buyers. For this they were paid in advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the produced cloth to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.

Ans) Mainly Bird Heiglers & Co., Jardine Skinner & Co. and Andrew Yule.

Ans) The Merchant clothier in England purchased wool from stapler, and carried it to the spinners, the yarn that was spun was taken in subsequent stages of production to weavers, fullers, and then to dyers. The finishing was done in London before selling so London was known as the finishing center.

Ans) The countries east of the Mediterranean Sea are commonly referred to as Asia. This term comes from a Western perspective that views the region as pre-modern, traditional, and mysterious.