Ans) Factors responsible for jute mills location in the Hugli basin are as follows—

1. Proximity of the jute producing areas.
2. Inexpensive water transport supported by a good network of railways, roadways and waterways to facilitate movement of raw material to the mills.
3. Abundant water for processing raw jute.
4. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Uttar Pradesh.
5. Kolkata act as a large urban centre that provides banking insurance and port facilities for export of jute goods.

Ans) Challenges of jute industry-Challenges faced by the industry include stiff competition in the international market from synthetic substitutes and from other competitors like Bangladesh, Brazil, Phillippines, Egypt and Thailand.

Efforts made by government- The internal demand has been on the increase due to the government policy of mandatory use of jute packaging. But to stimulate demand, the products need to be diversified. The main markets are the U.S.A., Canada, Ghana, Saudi Arabia, the U.K., and Australia. The growing global concern for environment friendly, biodegradable materials has once again opened the opportunity for jute products.

Ans) India is an agriculturally important country. Today, agricultural development completely depends on the industrial development. In agriculture, fertilizers, insecticides, plastic, electricity and diesel are constantly used which are obtained from industries. On the other hand, industries require raw material. We obtain these raw materials only from agriculture. Thus agriculture provides base for our industries. In this way, agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other. In fact, they are closely related to each other. Hence, they move hand in hand.

Ans) Iron and steel industry is one of the most important basic industries. It is considered essential to develop iron and steel industry for the economic development of any country. This industry is calculated in important industries. It is the foundational pillar of nation’s economy. It is the base of modern industrial infrastructure and measurement of national power. Iron-steel industry is used to manufacture machines, railway tracks, transport vehicles, rail bridges, ships, armaments and agricultural tools. Therefore iron- steel industry is known as basic industry.

Ans)

1. On this plateau, sufficient iron ore is obtained from Odisha and Jharkhand mines.
2. Coal used as energy is obtained from Raniganj, Bokaro, Jharia mines.
3. This plateau is well connected to all parts of the country through railways.
4. Cheap labour is available in nearby areas.
5. Facility of foreign trade is available from Kolkata sea port.

Ans)

Public Industries	Private Industries
Public industries are owned by government or any other government institution.	Private industries are owned by individuals or a group of individuals as companies.
In these, production and trade are controlled by the government.	In these, production, trade, and distribution were controlled by an individual, firm, or company.
Capital is generally invested by the public or government. Examples are railways, Bhilai, Durgapur steel plant, the ship manufacturing industry, etc.	Capital invested is mostly private or borrowed. These are operated without the interference of government.
These include large-scale or basic industries, such as ONGC, SAIL, etc.	These include all types of big and small scale industries, such as Tata Iron and Steel Company, Bata shoe

Ans)

Textile Industry	Iron-Steel Industries
In India, the textile industry is an ancient and large-scale industry.	Our ancestors made the best quality steel. Its example is the iron pillar situated near Qutubminar in Delhi.
Most mills are under private sector.	Except Jamshedpur and Bhadravati, all other factories are under the public sector.
Its main centers are Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Poona, Surat, and Sholapur.	Its main centres are Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bhilai and Bokaro.
Raw material for textile industry includes cotton, jute, silk, and wool.	Raw material for this industries include iron ore, manganese, lime or dolomite.

Ans) Thermal Pollution-Thermal pollution of water occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained into rivers and ponds without cooling.

Effect of Thermal Pollution-

1. Wastes from nuclear plants, nuclear weapon production facilities cause cancers. birth defects and miscarriages.
2. Soil and water pollution are closely related.
3. Dumping of wastes especially glass, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging, salts and garbage renders the soil useless.
4. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also gets contaminated.

Ans)

Joint Industries	Co-operative Industries
Joint industries are jointly run by the state and an individual or a group of individuals.	Cooperative industries owned or cooperated by the producer or the supplier of raw material or workers or both.
The profits earned by the industry do not include any portion of the raw materials supplied.	They pool the resources and share the profit or use the property.
Ex-Oil India Limited.	Ex-sugar industries in Maharashtra.

Ans) The usefulness of manufacturing industries are: –

1. Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing agriculture, which reforms the backbone of our economy, but they also reduce the heavy dependency of people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
2. Industrial development is a free condition for reducing of unemployment and poverty from our country.
3. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign exchange.

Ans) The mixture of unwanted elements in water is called water pollution. Measures to control waltor pollution are: –

1. Wastewater treatment should be installed with the establishment of factories.
2. Chemical industries that pollute the water most should be set up far away from rivers and reservoirs.
3. Trees should be planted on roadsides and vacant spaces around factories.

Ans)

Ans)

Ans)

Ans)

Ans)

Ans)

Basic Industries	Consumer Industries
Products of basic industries are used as raw materials to manufacture other goods. Ex- iron and steel industries, heavy machine industry.	Consumer industries produce goods for daily use by consumer. Ex- edible oil, tea, sugar, clothes, sugar, etc.
In this industries, products are not made for one time use instead they are contributed in future production.	The use of these products is finished at a time. These industries are generally small-scale and light industries.
These machines obtained from these industries are used to manufacture other goods.	The products obtained from these industries are directly used in daily life.