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Ans) Refer to the answer in Short Ans Type Q. 20.

Ans) Coal- The credit of beginning and development of modern industrialisation goes to coal. Coal is called as ‘Parent of industries’. Coal is formed by decomposition of plants. It consists of carbon, vaporised liquid, ashes etc. It is found in sedimentary rocks.

After the industrial revolution, importance of coal is increased in the world. Presently coal is used for domestic fuel, plant operation, electricity production and in making of other things like beauty products, nylon, button etc. Presently it becomes a fundamental power resource due to its three specific characters of producing steam, providing heat and smelting metals. Carbon is the flammable substance in coal. Based on carbon content, the Indian coal is of four types: –

1. ) Anthracite-It is a best quality coal found in India. This type of coal consist of 85-95 percent of carbon. It is hardest and shinable coal. It does not emit smoke while burning and produce more heat.
2. Bituminous-It is a second grade coal. It contains 70-80 percent of carbon. It is black in colour and emits less smoke while burning.
3. Lignite or brown-It is a low grade coal which consist of 40-55 percent of carbon. It blackens the hands on touch and emits more smoke while burning.
4. Peat-It is a primary coal. It deposits in shallow pits as a result of plant decaying. It consists 20 percent carbon and 80 percent moisture.

Coal Producing Regions- In India, coal is available in rock series of two main geological ages: –

1. Gondwana coal region- Gondwana, a little over 200 million years in age. Most of the coal reserves of the country are found in these rocks. The major resources of Gondwana coal which are metallurgical coal, are located in Damodar Valley. Other important coal fields are located in Jharia, Raniganj and Bokaro. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also contain coal deposits. 96 percent of total coal stock and 99 percent of total coal produced in the country is produced from this region.
2. Tertiary coal region- Tertiary coals which are about 55 million years old are found in the north eastern states of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. 99 percent of total coal produced in India is obtained from this region. It provides low grade lignite coal.

Ans) Iron Ore in India- Iron ore is the basic mineral and the backbone of industrial development. India is endowed with fairly abundant resources of iron ore. India is rich in good quality iron ores. Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron upto 70 per cent. It has excellent magnetic qualities, especially valuable in the electrical industry. Hematite ore is the most important industrial iron ore in terms of the quantity used, but has a slightly lower iron content than magnetite. The major iron ore belts in India are: –

1. Odisha- Jharkhand belt-In Odisha high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahad mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In the adjoining Singhbhum district of Jharkhand hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and Noamundi.
2. Durg-Bastar- Chandrapur belt-It lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. Very high grade hematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district Chhattisgarh. Ore from these mines is exported to Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port.
3. Ballari-Chitradurga- Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru-This belt in Karnataka has large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Western Ghats of Karnataka are a 100 per cent export unit. Kudremukh deposits are known to be one of the largest in the world.
4. Maharashtra- Goa belt-This belt is located in Goa and Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra. Though the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently exploited. Iron ore is exported through Mormugao port.

Ans) Natural gas is the useful resource of energy. Its demand is continuously increasing. The reasons behind its increasing demand are as follows: –

1. Its production and distribution is easy and less expensive and needs less space to store.
2. It is completely flammable and odourless and sootless. Hence, it is a best fuel to cook food and keep the houses warm.
3. After use, it does not leave ashes.
4. It is flammable in its natural form also.

Natural gas is used as home fuel. Besides it is used in petro-chemical industry, fertilizers and electricity production. Its 60 percent part is used in fertilizer factories, 20 percent in electricity production, 15 percent in internal uses and 5 percent in other activities.

Natural Gas Fields and Production- In India natural gas fields are usually mineral oil fields. It is expected that natural gas reserves in our country is 7-50 billion cubic metre. In India gas reserves are located in Tripura, Gujarat and near western coast. In comparison to reserves, natural gas production is low in the country. In 2014-15 total produced natural gas in India was 25-23 BCM. Pipelines are used for inland transportation of produced and imported gas.

Ans) Solar energy has a bright future in India due to the following reasons: –

1. India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of trapping solar energy.
2. Sunlight can be directly converted into electricity through photovoltaic technology.
3. Solar energy is used in boiling water and cooking food, warming the space, drying things, purifying water, ripening crops, operating light and machines.
4. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. It is expected that solar energy will minimise the dependence of rural households on firewood and dung cakes and in turn supply adequate manure in agriculture.
5. Presently, electricity generated from solar power is also used for business purposes.
6. Solar energy as a results will contribute to environmental conservation.

Ans) Minerals are the base of industries. Without them no nation can achieve progress. Thus, mineral resources should be used judiciously. The measures to conserve them are as follows: –

1. The mineral wealth should be used frugally and judiciously.
2. Minerals which are scarce in country should be used judiciously, such as silver, sulphur, potash, tin, lead and zinc etc.
3. Minerals which are exported, for example-manganese, mica, bauxite, chromite etc. were controlled because it leads to lacking of our precious mineral resources.
4. Iron ore should be used frequently by melting it and not by extracting from mines for every use.
5. To obtain more mineral resources, new areas should be continued to survey, so that their amount could be increased.
6. Sustainable development of high technology should be done for using low quality ores at reasonable cost.
7. Recycling of metals, use of waste metals and use of other substitutes are the measures of conserving minerals in future.

Ans) Necessity for Energy Resource Conservation- Presently, the need of conserving energy resources are as follows:-

1. Energy is a basic requirement for economic development.
2. Every sector of the national economy-agriculture, industry, transport, commercial and domestic-needs input of energy.
3. The economic development plans implemented since Independence requires increasing amounts of energy to remain operational.
4. As a result, energy consumption in all forms has been steadily rising all over the country.

Measures for Conservation of Energy Resources- Following measures can be adopted to conserve the energy resources: –

1. There is an urgent need to develop a sustainable path of energy development.
2. Promotion of energy conservation and increased use of renewable energy sources are the twin plants of sustainable energy.
3. We have to adopt a cautious approach for the judicious use of our limited energy resources.
4. As concerned citizens we can do our bit by using public transport systems instead of individual vehicles, switching off electricity when not in use, using power- saving devices and using non-conventional sources of energy.

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